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The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ((ポーランド語:rzeź wołyńska), literally: ''Volhynian slaughter''; , ''Volyn tragedy'') were part of an ethnic cleansing operation carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)'s North Command in the regions of Volhynia (Reichskommissariat Ukraine) and their South Command in Eastern Galicia (General Government) beginning in March 1943 and lasting until the end of 1944.〔Timothy Snyder (A fascist hero in democratic Kiev ). NewYork Review of Books. February 24, 2010〕〔Keith Darden. (Resisting Occupation: Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine ). Yale University. October 2, 2008. p. 5〕〔J. P. Himka. (Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history ). University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4〕 The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943. Most of the victims were women and children.〔 The actions of the UPA resulted in 35,000-60,000 Polish deaths in Volhynia and 25,000-40,000 in Eastern Galicia.〔Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943- 1947. Kraków 2011, p.447〕〔Timothy Snyder. ''The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999.'' Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 170, 176〕〔 For other estimates, see the tables below. The killings were directly linked with the policies of the Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and its military arm, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, whose goal specified at the Second Conference of the Stepan Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B) during 17–23 February 1943 (or March 1943) was to purge all non-Ukrainians from the future Ukrainian state, and to force Ruthenians who had rejected the Ukrainian nationalism into the Ukrainian ethnic identity under penalty of death. 〔Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939-1946 (2006) 2 volumes, 1182 pages, at pg. 203〕 Not limiting their activities to the purging of Polish civilians, the UPA also wanted to erase all traces of the Polish presence in the area.〔Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire, pages 506-507. Penguin Books 2008. ISBN 978-0-14-311610-3〕 Historians such as Timothy Snyder〔Timothy Snyder. (2003). (he Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 ) New Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 175.〕 and Jeffrey Burds〔Jeffrey Burds. (1999). (''Comments on Timothy Snyder's article, "To Resolve the Ukranian Question once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947" )''. Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 1, Number 2 Burds writes, "The more I study Galicia, the more I come to the conclusion that *the defining issue * was not Soviet or German occupation and war, but rather the civil war between ethnic Ukrainians and ethnic Poles."〕 see the massacres as initiating a conflict which turned into a multisided civil war in occupied German territories, with Poles responding to the Ukrainian attacks. In 2008, the massacres committed by the Ukrainian nationalists against ethnic Poles in Volhynia and Galicia were described by Poland's Institute of National Remembrance as bearing the distinct characteristics of a genocide.〔W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa. - Piotr Zając, Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie, () Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN, t. 2: Ludobójstwo, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008, p.34-49〕〔()〕 ==Background== Polish-Ukrainian tensions dated back several hundred years, with territorial, religious, and social dimensions, especially the Khmelnytsky Uprising of the 17th century, persisting in the national memories of both groups.〔 While relations were not always harmonious, Poles and Ukrainians interacted with each other on every civic, economic, and political level throughout hundreds of years. With the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, the ethnicity of citizens became an issue, and the conflicts erupted anew after the First World War. Both Poles and Ukrainians claimed the territories of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. The political conflicts escalated in the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period, particularly in the 1930s as a result of a cycle of paramilitary activity by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, formed in Poland, and the ensuing state repressions.〔Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka 1942-1960, Warszawa 2006〕 Collective punishment meted out to thousands of mostly innocent peasants exacerbated animosity between the Polish state and the Ukrainian population.〔Orest Subtelny. Ukraine. A history. University of Toronto press. 1994. ISBN 0-8020-0591-8. pp 430-431〕 At the onset of World War II, with Soviet invasion and annexation of the area in 1939–1941 (see Polish September Campaign), militant Ukrainian nationalist extremists, distrustful of Polish territorial ambitions, saw an opportunity to cleanse Polish people from territory historically considered to be Ukrainian and to exact retribution for the Polonization which the re-established Polish state had inflicted upon the Ukrainians. Killings of Poles in Volhynia and Galicia started soon after the Soviet annexation of the territory, climaxed during the German occupation, and continued after the Soviets re-occupied the Western Ukraine into the last year of the war. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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